Which term describes the idea that evolution occurs gradually over time?

• A. Punctuated equilibrium
• B. Catastrophism
• C. Gradualism
• D. Saltation

Answer: (C)

Gradualism describes evolution as slow, continuous accumulation of small changes over long periods. This idea is that small, heritable variations, if favored by the environment, build up little by little until new species emerge. It contrasts with punctuated equilibrium, which emphasizes long stretches of little change interrupted by brief, rapid shifts, and with catastrophism and saltation, which focus on sudden events or large leaps rather than steady, incremental change. The fossil record shows both steady transitions and more abrupt shifts in different lineages, but the term that specifically captures the idea of gradual, time-spread change is gradualism.